KLIUCHEVSKOI Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 56.06°N, 160.64°E; summit elev. 4,835 m; All times are local (= UTC + 12 [or 13 late March-late October]) Reports from 2001: | March | April | November | Reports from 2002: | March | May-June | November | December | Reports from 2003: | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | Reports from 2004: | January | February | March | November | Kliuchevskoi Eruption History Information from the USGS Global Volcanism Program -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 February-6 March 2001 Based on satellite imagery and pilot reports, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption may have occurred at Kliuchevskoi. The ash cloud produced from the eruption rose to a height of ~9.5 km and was visible on GMS-5 imagery at 1532 on 4 March. By 1832 the same day the ash cloud was no longer visible on satellite imagery. Source: Tokyo VAAC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7-13 March 2001 The KVERT reported that during 2-8 March seismicity was at background levels, with weak spasmodic tremor occasionally registered. On 4 March a gas-and-steam plume rose 600-1,000 m above the volcano and extended more than 10 km to the NE. As reported by the Tokyo VAAC, GMS-5 imagery showed that the plume rose to a height of ~9.5 km a.s.l. The Concern Color Code remained at Green. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Tokyo VAAC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14-20 March 2001 The KVERT reported that during 9-15 March seismic activity was above background levels, with interrupted spasmodic tremor and shallow earthquakes registered. Between 1925 and 1940 on 15 March, an intense series of shallow earthquakes were registered. Gas-and-steam plumes rose 2 km above the volcano on 12 and 14 March, and others reached 100-250 m above the volcano on 9, 11, and 13 March. The Concern Color Code remained at Green. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21-27 March 2001 The KVERT reported that during 16-22 March seismic activity was above background levels, with interrupted spasmodic tremor and shallow earthquakes registered. On 18-19 March a gas and steam plume rose 50-100 m above the volcano. On 22 March the volcano was quiet. On other days, the volcano was obscured by clouds. The level of Concern Color Code remained at Yellow . Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 March- 3 April 2001 The KVERT reported that during the beginning of the report period (23-30 March), seismic activity was above background levels with spasmodic tremor and shallow earthquakes registered, but gradually decreased towards the end of the week. The KVERT lowered the Level of Concern Color Code from Yellow to Green. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14-20 November 2001 An increase in seismicity at Kliuchevskoi during 13 November to at least 16 November led KVERT to raise the Concern Color Code from Green to Yellow. On 13 November at 1619 seismicity sharply increased from background levels when a swarm of shallow earthquakes began; these had magnitudes less than or equal to 3. During 13-15 November more than 150 earthquakes occurred with magnitudes less than or equal to 1.7. Prior to the seismicity increase, on 9 November a steam plume rose 600 m above the crater and during 11-13 November gas-and-steam plumes rose 50-100 m above the crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21-27 November 2001 A gradual decrease in seismicity under Kliuchevskoi during 16-23 November led KVERT to reduce the Concern Color Code from Yellow to Green. The tallest gas-and-steam plume of the reporting interval was produced on 19 November. The plume rose 700 m above the dome and extended SE for more than 10 km. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 February-5 March 2002 The Tokyo VAAC received reports that Kliuchevskoi began erupting on 27 February at 1455. Reportedly, an ash cloud was produced to a height of ~6.4 km a.s.l. and drifted to the NE. No ash was visible on satellite imagery. According to reports KVERT received from the Research Laboratory of Seismic and Volcanic Activity in Kamchatka, there was neither a seismic signal detected at Kliuchevskoi on 27 February at 1455 nor an ash plume visible on video footage. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Tokyo VAAC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 May-4 June 2002 An increase in volcanic tremor at Kliuchevskoi led KVERT to raise the Concern Color Code from Green ("volcano is in quiet, "dormant" state") to Yellow ("volcano is restless") on 31 May. During most of the report week (24-31 May) seismicity was near background levels. Weak shallow earthquakes, other earthquakes ~30 km under the volcano, and episodes of weak spasmodic tremor were registered. On 24 and 27 May gas-and-steam plumes rose 100 m above the crater. Spasmodic volcanic tremor began to increase on 30 May at 0810, declined at 1000, and began to increase again around 2200. Tremor was still recorded on 31 May. No thermal anomalies or plumes were observed on satellite imagery. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-11 June 2002 During most of the week of 31 May-7 June seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, and continuous spasmodic tremor was registered. On 31 May a series of earthquakes less than or equal to ML (local magnitude) 2.3 were registered in the volcano's edifice, and about 20 ~30-km-deep earthquakes occurred per day under the volcano. On 5 June at 1820 volcanic tremor began to gradually diminish and by the end of the week shallow seismic activity had decreased. Low-level gas-and-steam plumes rose above the crater and no thermal anomalies or plumes were observed on satellite imagery. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow ("volcano is restless"). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12-18 June 2002 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during most of 7-14 June. On 11 June a ~30-minute-long series of earthquakes (ML less than or equal to 2.8) occurred in the volcano's edifice. Continuous spasmodic tremor continued to be recorded during the week and 22-48 earthquakes occurred per day ~30 km below the volcano. Based on visual and seismic data there was no evidence of recent explosive activity at the volcano. No thermal anomalies or ash plumes were observed on satellite imagery. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow ("volcano is restless"). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19-25 June 2002 Shallow seismic activity declined during 14-21 June at Kliuchevskoi, but 10-15 earthquakes ~30 km beneath the volcano occurred daily, and weak spasmodic tremor continued to be registered during the week. By the end of the week, shallow seismic events occurred again. Low-level gas-and-steam clouds rose above the volcano on several days. No thermal anomalies or plumes were visible on satellite imagery. KVERT decreased the Concern Color Code at Kliuchevskoi from Yellow ("volcano is restless") to Green ("volcano is in quiet, "dormant" state"). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13-19 November 2002 KVERT raised the Concern Color Code at Kliuchevskoi from Green to Yellow during 8-15 November. According to data from KMSD GS RAS, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during the report week. During 8-10 November, five to nine earthquakes occurred per day, and during 11-13 November 33-56 earthquakes occurred per day. Intermittent spasmodic volcanic tremor slowly decreased during 8-12 November. A gas-and-steam plume was seen rising 100-900 m above the crater and extended more than 10 km to the E and SE. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20-26 November 2002 Seismicity remained above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 15-22 November. The number of deep earthquakes decreased from 26 to 9 during 14-17 November, and remained at nine during the 17th to 20th. Gas-and-steam plumes were seen rising to 1-2 km above the crater and drifting to the W. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 November-3 December 2002 Seismicity at Kliuchevskoi was above background levels during 21-24 November, and at background levels during 25-27 November. Each day during the report week 7 to 11 earthquakes occurred at a depth of ~30 km. Gas-and-steam plumes were observed rising to ~2 km above the crater and drifting N and NW. On 24 November weak ashfall was observed around Bylinkina's crater on the volcano's NE slope. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10 December 2002 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 29 November to 6 December. Up to 33 earthquakes occurred per day during 28 November to 4 December at a depth of ~ 30 km. In addition, intermittent spasmodic volcanic tremor occurred during the report week. On 3 December a gas-and-steam plume rose ~1.3 km above the crater and drifted N and NE. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11-17 December 2002 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 6-13 December. Seismographs recorded 12-24 earthquakes per day during the report period at depths of ~ 30 km. In addition, intermittent spasmodic volcanic tremor was recorded. Gas-and-steam plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater and extended N and NE. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18-23 December 2002 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 13-20 December. Seismographs recorded 6-12 earthquakes per day during the report period at depths of ~ 30 km. In addition, intermittent spasmodic volcanic tremor was recorded. Gas-and-steam plumes rose ~1.5 km above the crater and extended E and SE. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24-30 December 2002 A gas-and-ash explosion at Kluichevskoi on 24 December led KVERT to increase the Concern Color Code from Yellow to Orange. Seismicity was above background levels during 19-25 December, with 6-9 earthquakes recorded each day at ~30-km depth. Intermittent spasmodic volcanic tremor was also recorded. On 19, 21, and 23 December gas-and-steam plumes rose 1-2 km above the crater. Visual observations and video data from the town of Klyuchi revealed that a plume from a gas-and-ash explosion on 24 December at 1210 rose 4 km above the crater and drifted WSW. By the 27th the Concern Color Code had been reduced back to Yellow. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Tokyo VAAC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 December 2002- 7 January 2003 Seismicity was slightly above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 26 December to 3 January, with 3-11 earthquakes occurring per day. On 5 January a faint thermal anomaly, and probable mud flow down the volcano's SSE slope were visible on satellite imagery. According to KVERT, the thermal anomaly and mud flow indicate that a lava flow may have begun to travel down the SSE slope. During 4-6 January, seismicity was slightly above background levels. The Concern Color Code was raised on 6 January from Yellow to Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8-14 January 2003 Seismicity was slightly above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 6-9 January, with 10-23 earthquakes recorded per day. Steam-and-gas plumes were seen rising to 1 km above the crater. Thermal anomalies were visible on satellite imagery. A probable mudflow, seen on the volcano's SE slope on 7 January, may have emerged after a short explosion to the SE or E, or after powerful fumarolic activity in the crater. The Concern Color Code was reduced from Orange to Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15-21 January 2003 Seismicity was slightly above background levels during 10-17 January at Kliuchevskoi, with 12-28 earthquakes occurring each day during 10-12 January and 33-35 earthquakes during 13-15 January. Intermittent spasmodic volcanic tremor was registered during the report week, and gas-and-steam plumes rose to 300 m above the crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-11 February 2003 Seismicity was slightly above background levels during 31 January to 7 February at Kliuchevskoi, with 16-39 earthquakes occurring each day, at depths of ~30 km. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor was registered during the report week, and gas-and-steam plumes rose to 1.3 km above the crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12-18 February 2003 Seismicity was slightly above background levels during 7-14 February at Kliuchevskoi, with 17-30 earthquakes occurring each day at depths of ~30 km. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor was registered during the report week, and gas-and-steam plumes rose to 1.5 km above the crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19-25 February 2003 Seismicity was above background levels during 13-15 February at Kliuchevskoi, and slightly above background levels during 16-19 February. From 14 to 81 earthquakes occurred each day at depths of ~30 km. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor was registered during the report week, and gas-and-steam plumes rose to 1 km above the crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 February- 4 March 2003 Seismicity at Kliuchevskoi was slightly above background levels during 21-28 February, with 10-14 earthquakes occurring per day at depths of ~30 km. Continuous, spasmodic volcanic tremor was recorded all week. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels and possible ash deposits on the volcano's SE summit were visible on satellite imagery. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19-25 March 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 14-21 March, with 7-9 earthquakes occurring at depths of ~30 km. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor was recorded. Gas-and-steam plumes rose 700-1,500 m above Kliuchevskoi's crater on 18-19 March. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 March-1 April 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 21-28 March. During 20-24 March, 6-9 earthquakes occurred at depths of ~30 km. Later seismicity increased, with 26 and 41 earthqakes recorded on 25 and 26 March, respectively. The amount of continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor increased in comparison to the previous week. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels above Kliuchevskoi's crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-8 April 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 28 March to 4 April, with 24-63 earthquakes occurring per day at depths of ~30 km. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor was recorded and a large number of weak shallow earthquakes were registered. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels above the crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9-15 April 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 4-11 April, with 10-15 earthquakes occurring per day at depths of ~30 km. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor and a large number of weak shallow earthquakes were recorded. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels above the crater and fumarolic activity was observed on 7 April. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16-22 April 2003 A moderate vulcanian eruption of Kliuchevskoi began 15 April; it continued through at least 16 April. The eruption was preceded by above-background seismicity, and on 15 April there were ~70 earthquakes per day at ~30-km depth. Instruments registered continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor (up to 4.0 µm/second) and numerous weak shallow earthquakes. According to observers in Klyuchi, on 15 April a series of ash plumes rose up to 300 m above the crater and extended for 10 km. According to satellite data, on 16 April a thin, 175-km-long plume headed E. Observations on 17 April disclosed a zone of ash deposits extending ESE for 20 km from the crater. The Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23-29 April 2003 A KVERT report on Kliuchevskoi issued on 25 April stated that above-background seismicity, including abundant tremor, prevailed during the week. This report also revealed that the ash explosions of 17-18 April had sent material 1-2 km above the crater. Modest thermal anomalies registered in satellite data for 18-19 April and plumes around that time extended E for 20-200 km. The respective ash-bearing plumes of 20 and 23 April traveled over 10 km NE and 20 km SW. As of 25 April the Concern Color Code remained at Yellow. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 April-6 May 2003 KVERT reported above-background seismicity at Kliuchevskoi during the week ending 1 May. Specifically, there were 25 earthquakes over M 1.25 at ~30 km depth, and 19 earthquakes over M 1.25 at shallower depths, including some within the edifice. In addition, during the same week instruments registered numerous weak, shallow earthquakes, and continuous spasmodic tremor. Residents in the city of Klyuchi saw various gas-and-steam plumes rising to these heights above the crater: on 25 April up to 300 m; and several other late April plumes up to ~ 2 km. The plume of 28 April extended over 5 km to the SE. Videos suggested that plumes escaping the crater in the early morning hours of 2 May could have contained ash. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14-20 May 2003 Several explosions occurred at Kliuchevskoi during 9-16 May, and seismicity was above background levels. On 14 May KVERT raised the Concern Color Code to Orange from Yellow. An eruption on 14 May at 1120 produced the week's highest rising ash cloud (~8.5 km a.s.l.). During the report period, instruments recorded 26 to 59 earthquakes per day. They were greater than M 1.25 and at depths of ~30 km. A large number of weak shallow earthquakes and tremor also occurred. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Pravda News -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21-27 May 2003 Volcanic unrest continued at Kliuchevskoi during 16-23 May. Seismicity was above background levels, with five M 2-2.1 earthquakes occurring at depths around 30 km during 15-21 May. Continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor occurred during the report period. Gas-and-steam plumes rose above the crater to low levels. On 18 May during 0000-0500, incandescence was visible above the volcano's crater from the town of Klyuchi. This is the first such observation since 1994. Thermal anomalies were visible on satellite imagery during 15-22 May. On 17 May ash deposits were visible on the volcano's E and SE flanks. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 May-3 June 2003 Volcanic unrest continued at Kliuchevskoi during 23-30 May. Seismicity was above background levels and the amount of continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor slightly increased. Shallow earthquakes and others at depths around 30 km continued to occur. Gas-and-steam plumes were occasionally visible, but the volcano was obscured by clouds most of the report week. On 30 May at 0030 observers in the town of Klyuchi saw pulsing glow above the volcano's crater. Light bursts occurred every 1-10 minutes, but volcanic bomb traces were absent. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Pravda News -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10 June 2003 During 30 May to 6 June, seismicity remained above background levels at Kliuchevskoi. The amount of spasmodic volcanic tremor continued to grow slowly and consistently. Earthquakes continued to be registered at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. The character of seismicity indicated that weak gas-and-ash explosions possibly occurred. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11-17 June 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 6-13 June. After some diminishing, the level of continuous spasmodic volcanic tremor returned to the same level as the previous week. Earthquakes continued to be registered at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. The character of seismicity indicated that weak gas-and-ash explosions possibly occurred. A thermal anomaly and an ash-poor plume were visible on satellite imagery. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18-24 June 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 13-20 June, with the level of spasmodic tremor remaining near the level of the previous week. Earthquakes continued to be registered at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. The character of seismicity indicated that weak gas-and-ash explosions possibly occurred. On 14,16, and 17 June explosions produced ash-poor plumes 50-500 m above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 June- 1 July 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 20-27 June, with earthquakes occurring at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. The character of seismicity indicated that weak gas-and-ash explosions possibly occurred. Spasmodic tremor was recorded the entire week. Gas-and-steam plumes rose 50-700 m above the volcano. On 23 June a thermal anomaly and possible ash deposits on the volcano's SE flank were seen on satellite imagery. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-8 July 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 27 June-4 July, with earthquakes occurring at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. The character of seismicity indicated that weak gas-and-ash explosions possibly occurred. Spasmodic tremor was recorded the entire week. On 2 July ash plumes rose to 1 km above the volcano and drifted ESE. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9-15 July 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 4-12 July. Several earthquakes with magnitudes of 1.5-2.2 occurred at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. The amount of spasmodic tremor decreased by the end of the report week. Ash explosions reached ~1 km above the volcano each day of the report week, except 6 July. On 4 July ash from an explosion reached ~2 km above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16-22 July 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 11-18 July. Several earthquakes occurred each day with magnitudes of 1.3-2.2 at depths around 30 km and at shallower levels. Explosions sent ash clouds to a height of ~1 km above the volcano and during 12-16 July ash clouds reached ~2 km above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23-29 July 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with 6-17 M 1.8-2.4 earthquakes occurring each day at depths of ~30 km and at shallower levels. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to a maximum height of ~1 km above the crater. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 July- 5 August 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 24 July to 1 August. During 24-28 July, 14-17 earthquakes with magnitudes less than 2.1 occurred each day. The number of earthquakes decreased to 9 on 29 July, and 7 on 30 July. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to a maximum height of ~700 m above the crater. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-12 August 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 1-8 August. During 1-6 August, up to 18 earthquakes occurred per day with magnitudes less than 2.1 at depths around 3 km. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to 2 km above the crater. Thermal anomalies were seen on satellite imagery on several days. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13-19 August 2003 Seismicity was above background levels during 7-15 August at Kliuchevskoi, with 37-60 earthquakes recorded during 7-9 August with magnitudes up to 2.3. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to 800 m above the volcano and extended ~15 km S. A thermal anomaly was visible on satellite imagery. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20-26 August 2003 During 15-22 August, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi. Up to 15 earthquakes were recorded per day at depths around 30 km. Spasmodic tremor was also recorded. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to 700 m above the volcano, weak fumarolic activity was recorded, and a thermal anomaly was visible on satellite imagery. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 August- 2 September 2003 During 22-29 August, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with 3-8 earthquakes per day of magnitude less than 2.2 occurring at depths around 30 km. On 26 August at 2300 Strombolian activity was seen in the volcano's center crater. Volcanic bombs were hurled to ~200 m above the crater. There were 5-minute intervals between explosions. During 27-28 August, gas-and-steam plumes with minor amounts of ash rose 1.5-2 km above the volcano's crater and drifted SW. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Associated Press -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-9 September 2003 During 29 August to 5 September, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with 4-7 earthquakes less than M 2.2 occurring per day. at depths around 30 km On 29 August gas-and-steam plumes with minor amounts of ash rose to 1 km above the crater. On the evening of 4 September incandescence was visible in the center of the crater. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10-16 September 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 5-12 September, when 2-9 earthquakes with magnitudes less than 2.1 occurred per day at depths of ~30 km. During the week, ash-and-gas, and gas-and-steam plumes were seen. The highest rising ash-and-gas plume reached ~1.5 km above the volcano on 10 September. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17-23 September 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 12-19 September, with 2-6 earthquakes between M 1.7 and 2.2 occurring. Ash-and-gas plumes rose to 100 m above the crater and drifted W. The volcano's western flank was covered by fresh ash. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24-30 September 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 19-26 September, with 1-3 earthquakes (M 1.7-2.2) at depths around 30 km. A gas-and-steam plume rose to ~700 m above the crater on 24 September. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-7 October 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 26 September to 3 October. Each day, 2-6 earthquakes (M 1.7-2) occurred at depths around 30 km. During the report period, ash-and-gas plumes rose to ~1 km above the volcano and extended as far as 100 km. During the evenings of 25 and 30 September, and 2 October, Strombolian activity was visible in the volcano's central crater. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8-14 October 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 3-10 October, with up to 30 M 1.7-2.2 earthquakes occurring at depths around 30 km. Gas-and-steam plumes, with little ash, rose 1-3 km above the volcano's crater and extended more than 10 km, mainly E. Strombolian activity at the volcano's center crater was visible during several evenings. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Tokyo VAAC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15-21 October 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 11-17 October, with one to six magnitude 1.6-2.1 earthquakes per day at depths of ~30 km. Nine shallow M 1.7-2.2 earthquakes were recorded along with many smaller ones. On 9, 10, and 11 October, gas-and-steam plumes with little ash rose to 0.5-1.5 km above the volcano's crater and extended more than 10 km E. Similar plumes on 12 and 16 October extended more than 46 km and 50 km to the E and NE, respectively. Strombolian activity was observed on the night of 10-11 October. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 October- 4 November 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 24-31 October, with one to five earthquakes (M 1.6-2.3) occurring per day at depths around 30 km. Several large shallow earthquakes (M 1.7-2.6), and weaker earthquakes occurred. Gas plumes rose to ~700 m above the volcano. Incandescence was seen in the crater during 23-24 October. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-11 November 2003 A 7 November report noted continued unrest, with recent (late October) activity including unusual numbers and kinds of earthquakes. During the week ending 7 November tremor took place and earthquakes remained elevated. A 9 November satellite observation revealed an ash and steam plume to ~7 km a.s.l. and extending ~100 km from the summit. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12-18 November 2003 During 7-14 November, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with the occurrence of 43 large shallow earthquakes (M 1.9-2.5), a large number of weak shallow earthquakes, and spasmodic tremor. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to ~2.5 km above the crater. Strombolian activity was visible at the volcano's central crater during the evening of 9-10 November. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19-25 November 2003 Strombolian activity was observed at Kliuchevskoi on 14-15 November. During 14-15 and 18 November, gas-and-ash plumes rose to ~2.5 km above the crater and extended more than 10 km W, E, and NE. During 15-20 November, seismic activity continued to be above background levels with 75 shallow M 1.9-2.5 earthquakes and many small, shallow earthquakes recorded. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 November- 2 December 2003 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 21 to 28 November, with 80 shallow M 2-2.5 earthquakes and a large number of weak shallow events recorded. Strombolian activity was seen on the night of 21 November. Gas-and-steam plumes containing some ash rose to low levels above the crater on 23-24 November. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-9 December 2003 Seismicity remained above background levels at Kliuchevskoi with ~130 M 2-2.5 and many smaller earthquakes recorded during 28 November to 5 December. Strombolian activity was observed on the nights of 27 and 29 November and on 29 November a gas-and-steam plume with some ash was emitted. On 2 December a gas-and-steam plume rose to 1 km above the crater and extended to over 20 km E. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17-23 December 2003 At Kliuchevskoi seismicity was above background levels during 12-19 December, with ~150 shallow M 1.75-2.25 earthquakes occurring along with a large number of weaker events. Strombolian activity was noted on the nights of 11 and 13 December. Gas-and-steam plumes, possibly containing small amounts of ash, rose to low levels above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24-30 December 2003 During 19-26 December, seismicity at Kliuchevskoi was above background levels, with the occurrence of ~135 large shallow earthquakes between M 1.9-2.3 and a large number of weaker events. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 December 2003- 6 January 2004 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 26 December to 2 January, with ~33 shallow M 1.9-2.2 earthquakes and a large number of weaker events recorded. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7-13 January 2004 During 2-9 January, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with ~115 shallow M1.9-2.3 earthquakes and a large number of weaker events recorded. On 2 January an ash explosion rose slightly above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14-20 January 2004 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 9-16 January, with ~175 shallow M 1.9-2.5 earthquakes and a large number of weaker events recorded. Ash explosions rose 0.5-1 km above the volcano during 11-13 January. Strombolian activity was observed at the central crater during 11-12 January. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21-27 January 2004 Seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi during 16-23 January, with ~130 shallow M 1.9-2.3 earthquakes and a large number of weaker events recorded. Ash explosions produced low-level plumes on 15 January that drifted NW. According to the Tokyo VAAC, an eruption on 24 January produced an ash plume to ~2.7 km a.s.l. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 January- 3 February 2004 During 23-30 January, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with ~130 shallow M 1.9-2.3 earthquakes and a large number of weaker events occurring. Probable Strombolian activity was seen at the volcano on the evenings of 24 and 26 January. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to ~3 km above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10 February 2004 During 30 January to 6 February, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with ~430 strong shallow earthquakes recorded during the week and gas-and-steam plumes rising to low levels. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11-17 February 2004 During 6-13 February, seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with ~225 shallow M 1.25-2 earthquakes recorded during the week. The amount of spasmodic tremor decreased during the report period. In addition, gas-and-steam plumes rose ~700 m above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18-24 February 2004 During 13-20 February seismicity was above background levels at Kliuchevskoi, with 135 earthquakes of M 1.25-1.7 and 1-6 earthquakes up to M 1.85 occurring daily at depths of 3-6 km beneath the volcano. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to ~1 km above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 February- 2 March 2004 Seismicity at Kliuchevskoi was above background levels during 20-27 February, with ~160 M 1.25-1.75 earthquakes and 12 M 1.25-2.25 earthquakes occurring at depths of 3-7 km beneath the volcano. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to ~700 m above the volcano. Kliuchevskoi remained at Concern Color Code Orange. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-9 March 2004 KVERT reduced the Concern Color Code at Kliuchevskoi from Orange to Yellow during 27 February to 5 March. Seismicity was slightly above background levels during 26-27 February and at background levels the rest of the week. Several shallow earthquakes up to M 2.2 were recorded, along with spasmodic tremor. Gas-and-steam plumes rose to low levels. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24-30 November 2004 Around 26 November, the Concern Color Code at Kluichevskoi was reduced from Yellow to Green, the lowest level. During 19-26 November, seismicity was at background levels. Gas-and-steam plumes were seen up to 5 km a.s.l. on 24 November and weak fumarolic activity was observed on several days. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team via the Alaska Volcano Observatory