Interpreting the volcanic layers preserved on Tongoa and Epi, Robin and
others (1994) suggested the caldera formed in three stages:
- moderate hydromagmatic and magmatic activity from a central vent over a period of months or years;
- hydromagmatic eruptions of dacite gradually shifting to a magmatic eruption and emplacement of two major pyroclastic flows and collapse of the caldera;
- additional eruptions of dacitic pyroclastic flows as collapse of the caldera extended north.
Sources of information on the volcanoes of
Vanuatu (New Hebrides Islands).
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